NPs | Base fluid | SVF (%) | Conditions | Max. heat transfer enhancement (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al2O3 | Water | 0.2–2.5 | Re = 700–2050 | 41 | [21] |
MWCNT | 0.5–1.5 | Re = 150–15000 | 2 | [22] | |
CuO | 0.03–0.7 | Flow rate = 1.5–3.5 lpm | 53% | [23] | |
TiO2 | 0.2 | Re = 5000–17000 | 11 | [24] | |
TiO2 | Water-EG | 0.5–1 | Re = 800–23000 | 24 | [25] |
Al2O3 | Water | Up to 2.5% | Re = 750–8500 | 345 | [26] |