Fig. 1

Various production methods for silicon nanoparticles. a Grinding of silicon lumps in liquid (Top-down). Reprinted from [4] with permission from American Chemical Society. b Laser printing on to the glass substrate (Top-down). Reprinted from [5] with permission from Springer Nature. c Laser pyrolysis of silane (SiH₄) (Bottom-up). Reprinted from [6] with permission from Springer Nature. d Plasma pyrolysis of silane (SiH₄) (Bottom-up). Reprinted from [7] with permission from American Chemical Society. e Reduction of tetrachlorosilane (SiCl₄) (Bottom-up). Reprinted from [8] with permission from John Wiley and Sons. f Carbonthermal reduction of silica (Reduction). Reprinted from [9] (CC BY 4.0). g Magnesiothermic reduction of silica (Reduction). Reprinted from [10] (CC BY 4.0)