Fig. 4

Deformation of villi structures under flow condition. a Villi structures of the hydrogel unit (height = 650 μm) under static and 200 μL/min conditions, respectively. Deformation was calculated by measuring the difference of the lateral position of the tip of the villi structures. b Flow-induced deformations of four different dimensions of hydrogel villi were measured under various flow rate conditions. The deformation of the hydrogel villi increased as the applied flow rate and the height of hydrogel villi increased