Green synthesized plant-based silver nanoparticles: therapeutic prospective for anticancer and antiviral activity

Jain, Nancy; Jain, Priyanshu; Rajput, Devyani; Patil, Umesh Kumar

doi:10.1186/s40486-021-00131-6

Micro and Nano Systems Letters

Table 2 Plant-based Silver Nanoparticles for antiviral activity

From: Green synthesized plant-based silver nanoparticles: therapeutic prospective for anticancer and antiviral activity

Method of synthesis of AgNPs	Type of virus	Characterization	Shape	Size	Viral model	Assays/ Evaluation parameters	MOA	Doses	References
Biological synthesis using fungi	Herpes Simplex Virus & Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3	TEM, UV–Vis, zeta potential	Spherical	46 nm and 40 nm	VERO cells	MTT assay, cotreatment assay, cell pretreatment assay, cell post-treatment assay, Virus pretreatment assay	Inhibits viral replication	ID₅₀-10 mg/mL,	[115]
Biological synthesis using seaweeds	HSV-1 and HSV-2	UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, TEM,	Spherical	8-27 nm	Vero cells	Cytotoxic assay, antiviral assay	Cytotoxic	ID₅₀-2.5 μL	[124, 125]
Biological synthesis using Bacteria (Bacillus species)	Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus	UV–VIS, EDX, TEM, DLS, FTIR	Triangular, Hexagonal and Spherical	77–92 nm	Seeds of Vicia faba	RT-PCR, ELIZA	Inhibit the growth of virus	–	[126]
Biological synthesis (Bio-reduction)	Bombyx mori Nuclear Polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV)	HR-SEM, EDAX, TEM, AFM CM	Hexahedron	0.87–1.2 µm	Silkworm (Bombyx mori)	SDS-PAGE analysis, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis	Interact with cell membrane of virus	–	[127]
Chemical synthesis (citrate-stabilized AgNPs)	Feline Calicivirus	SEM, Mass spectroscopy, DLS,	Spherical	10, 75, and 110 nm	FCV strain 2280 (ATCC-VR-2057) and Crandell-Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells	Infectivity assay, Western blot analysis, Cytotoxic assay, SDS-PAGE analysis,	Cytotoxic, viricidal	25, 50, & 100 lg/ mL	[113]
Chemical synthesis (non-surface capped AgNPs)	Vaccinia virus	TEM, XRD	Spherical	25 nm ± 10 nm,	VERO 76, BS-C-1, HeLa	Plaque Assay, VACV Adsorption Plaque Assay, Beta-Galactosidase Assay, Viral Entry Assay, VACV Adsorption Confocal Assay, MTT Assay, Dextran Uptake Assay, Western Blot	Macropinocytosis, interferes the entry	27.4 ± 3.3 µg/ml	[128]
Chemical synthesis—Polyol method (PVP-coated AgNPs), carbon-coated AgNPs, bovine-serum AgNPs	HIV-1	TEM, STEM, UV–Vis, EDS,	Spherical	PVP-coated- 6.53 nm Carbon-coated- 16.19 nm Bovine-serum AgNPs- 2.08 nm	MT-2, cMAGI HIV-1 cells	Inhibition of HIV-1 with AgNPs analysis	Interact with the glycoprotein of virus,	25 µg/mL	[107]
Chemical synthesis using Tannic acid	Adeno virus type 3	TEM	Hexahedron	70-90 nm	HeLa cells	Cytotoxicity test, MTT assay, immunofluorescence analysis, RT-PCR	Interact with DNA,	9.3 µg/mL	[108]
Chemical synthesis using citrate, PVP, H₂O₂	bovine herpesvirus-1	TEM, UV–Vis, zeta-sizer,	Spherical	20–25 nm	MDBK cells	Cytotoxicity assay, colorimetric-based assay, Anti-BoHV-1 effect of Ag-NPs, cytopathic effects analysis,	Attach to glycoprotein and inhibit viral normal functioning	24 µg/mL	[114, 129]
Chemical synthesis (uncoated and polysaccharide coated AgNPs)	Tacaribe virus (TCRV)	TEM	Spherical	10 and 25 nm	Vero cells	Viral Inhibition Assay, S segment real time PCR, Post-infection treatment with Ag-NPs study	Inhibits early stage of viral replication	25 μg/ml	[117]
Chemical synthesis using chitosan as stabilizer	African swine fever virus (ASFV)	TEM, UV–Vis,	Spherical	14 nm	Primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs)	Cell toxicity test, Antivirus activity	Strong antiviral activity	0.78 ppm	[130]
Chemical synthesis (coated PVP)	Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)	SEM, TEM	Spherical	8–12 nm	A549 cells (a human alveolar type II-like epithelial cell lines) & HEp-2 Cell	qRT-PCR assays, Airway Obstruction analysis, ELISA, plaque assay	Interact with glycoproteins, prevent fusion	50 µg/mL	[131]
Chemical synthesis (curcumin modified AgNPs)	Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection	DLS, XPS, UV/vis, TEM, SEM, FTIR, zeta-sizer,	Spherical	11.95 ± 0.23 nm	Hep-2 cells	Tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) assay, Viral titer assay, Plaque assay, Indirect immunofluorescence assay, cytopathic effect analysis, RT-PCR analysis,	Inactivate virus, inhibits entry into host cell		[121]
Chemical synthesis (PVP coated)	Herpes simplex virus 2	SEM, TEM	Spherical	30–40 nm	Vero cells	MTT assay, Trypan blue assay, Viral suppression experiments, cytopathic effect analysis	Inhibits virus replication	6.25- 100 μg/mL	[109]
Chemical synthesis (PVP coated)	HIV-1	SEM, TEM	Spherical	30–50 nm	HeLa-CD4-LTR-b-gal cells	Virus adsorption assays, HIV-1 infectivity inhibition assays, Cell-based fusion assay, HIV-1 gp120/CD4 ELISA Time-of-addition experiments, Virucidal activity assay	Interact with gp120 protein, inhibits binding and fusion	0.44 mg/mL (± 0.3)	[116]
Chemical synthesis (PVP-coated)	White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV)	TEM, FTIR, Zeta potential, UV–Vis	Spherical	1-90 nm	Shrimp (P. vannamei)	Histologic analysis, qRT-PCR WSSV-diagnosis, WSSV challenge bioassay,	Interfere with the viral envelopes	0.5–20 mg/mL	[132]
Chemical synthesis method (chitosan coated AgNPs)	H1N1 influenza virus	TEM, SEM, UV–Vis	Spherical	–	MDCK cells (Madin-darby canine kidney cells)	Antiviral assay	Damage virus protein	100 µg/mL	[123]
Chemical synthesis using Graphene oxide	Feline Coronavirus (Fcov)	HR-TEM, FE-SEM, XRD, XPS, AFM, TGA,	Spherical	5 and 25 nm	Felis catus whole fetus-4 (fcwf-4) cells	Tissue culture infectious dose (TCID) assay, Virus Inhibition Assay	Interferes with the lipid membrane of corona virus and ruptures it	0.1 mg/mL	[105]
Chemical synthesis using Graphene oxide	Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV)	HR-TEM, FE-SEM, XRD, XPS, AFM, TGA,	Spherical	5 and 25 nm	DF-1 cells	Tissue culture infectious dose (TCID) assay, Virus Inhibition Assay	Interferes with the viral protein	0.125 mg/mL	[105]
Chemical synthesis (Magnetic hybrid colloids- AgNPs)	Bacteriophage-X174, Murine norovirus (MNV), Adeno virus serotype2(Adv2)	SEM, TEM, EDS, ESEM	Spherical	7, 15, and 30 nm	-	Plaque assay, Real-time TaqMan PCR (RT-PCR) assays	Interact with viral protein, damage viral coating	57.5-400 ppm	[122, 133]
Electrochemical method	Poliovirus	FE-SEM, TEM, UV–Vis, EDX	Spherical	4 to 9 nm	Human rhabdomyosarcoma (ATCC # CCL-136) cells	MTT assay antiviral evaluation	Inhibits the polio virus particles	3.13 ppm	[134]
Essential oil reduction method using Aquilaria sinensis essential oil (AsEO)	Dengue and Zika viruses	SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD FTIR, U-Vis	Spherical	15 to 55 nm	Aedes albopictus	Histological studies	Severe destruction of midgut Aedes albopictus	44.23 to 166 ppm	[111]
Essential oil reduction method using Pogostemon cablin essential oil (PcEO)	Dengue and Zika viruses	SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD FTIR, U-Vis	Spherical	16 to 87 nm,	Aedes albopictus	Histological studies	Damage the digestive system of Aedes albopictus	32.49 to 90.05 ppm,	[111]
Green synthesis using Andrographis paniculata (AP-AgNPs), Phyllanthus niruri (PN-AgNPs), Tinospora cordifolia (TC-AgNPs)	Chikungunya virus	UV–Vis, SEM, XRD, FTIR, DLS, zeta potential,	Spherical	AP-AgNPs-70– 95 nm, PN-AgNPs-70 to 120 nm, TC-AgNPs-50–70 nm	Vero cells	Antiviral assay, Cytotoxicity assay, cytopathic effect, MNTD determination	Antiviral	MNTD-AP-AgNPs- 31.25 µg/ml PN-AgNPs- 125 µg/ml TC-AgNPs- 250 µg/ml	[112]
Green synthesis method using Cinnamomum cassia	H7N3 Influenza A Virus	UV–Vis, SEM, FTIR,	Spherical	25 to 55 nm	Vero cells	Cytotoxicity Assay- MTT, cytopathic effect analysis, Infectivity Assay,	Interferes with the protein, Cytotoxic	125 µg/ml	[135]
Green synthesis using Ginseng root extract	Influenza A virus	UV–Vis, XRD, FTIR, HR-TEM	Spherical	50 nm, 20 nm, and 2 nm	MDCK Cells	Antiviral assay- SRB assay (sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay)	Antiviral	0.02 and 0.25 M	[136]
Green synthesis using Lampranthus coccineus & Malephora lutea plant extract	HSV-1, HAV-10 virus & Coxsackie B4 virus	TEM, UV–Vis, FTIR	Spherical	10.12 nm to 27.89 nm	VERO cells	MTT assay, Metabolomics profiling (UPLC-MS) & molecular docking	Binds to viral envelop and inhibits penetration, interact with viral genome	5.13 µg/mL	[137]
Green synthesis using Moringa oleifera seed extract	Dengue virus (DEN-2)	UV–Vis, SEM, XRD, FTIR, EXD,	Spherical	100 nm	C6/36 and Vero cells	MTT, DEN-2 growth inhibition assays, Nanoparticle toxicity, plaque assay	Antiviral activity	10.24ppmto 21.17 ppm	[110]
Green synthesis using tannic acid	Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)	STEM, DLS, UV–Vis, EDX	Spherical	33 ± 7 nm	Mouse model	Flow Cytometry Phenotypic Analysis, Neutralization Assay, Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR assays)	Act as bitter stimulant, increase immune cells,	5 µg/mL	[138]
Liquid-chemical synthesis technology	Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)	TEM	Spherical	5–200 nm	K-HeLa cells	Cytotoxicity assay, Apoptosis analysis, Reactive Oxygen Species Assay, Virion-cell binding and viral entry assay,	Increase ROS, destroy	< 0.6 μg/ml	[139]
Modified sonochemical reaction method	Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1	SEM, XPS, TGA	Spherical	4 ± 1 nm	Vero African green monkey kidney epithelial cells	Cell Toxicity Assay (XTT-based colorimetric assay), HSV-1 in vitro Assays, plaque reduction assay,	Cytopathic effect, interact with viral glycoprotein	200- 400 µg/mL	[119]
Monodisperse silica core silver nanoaprticles (chemical method)	Influenza A virus (IFV-A)	TEM, SEM, XPS,	Spherical	7–30 nm	MDCK	Plaque assay, real-time RT-PCR assay, ELISA, NA-Fluor Influenza Neuraminidase Assay, Flow cytometry analyses, hemagglutination assay	Interact with outer membrane of virus	-	[140]
Oxidation–reduction reaction	A/Human/Hubei/3/2005 Influenza Virus (H3N2 IFV)	TEM	Spherical	9.5 nm	MDCK cells	In vitro-MTT, hemagglutinin, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence	Damage the structure of virus, inhibit growth	ID₅₀- 12.5 µg/mL	[118]
Chemical synthesis	H1V1 influenza virus	TEM	Spherical	5–20 nm	MDCK cells	Hemagglutination inhibition test, the embryo inoculation assay, Mosmann based MTT assay, flow cytometry assay	Ag + ion suppression respiration of pathogen, inhibitory action on virus	50 µg/mL	[141]
Turkevich method using aqueous trisodium citrate	HIV-1 pNL4.3-GFP + virus, HSV-1 and HSV-2	EDAX, SEM, FTIR, UV–Vis	Spherical	30–60 nm	293 T cells (Human embryonic kidney), (HeLa cell (human cervical cancer cells), HeLa-CD4-CCR5-LTR-β-gal cells, and Vero E6 cells (African green monkey kidney cells)	Anti-HIV infection assays, Anti-HSV infection assay, cell proliferation (WST-1) assay	Inactivate virus	–	[142]

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