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Fig. 4 | Micro and Nano Systems Letters

Fig. 4

From: Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids for soft electronics, sensors, and actuators

Fig. 4

Copyright 2014, John Wiley and Sons. b Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of rGO/MWCNT hybrid layer showing porous surface structures and displacement of bending actuation with different conductive materials over the frequency range from 0.01 to 1 Hz. Reproduced with permission [93]. Copyright 2012, John Wiley and Sons. c Fabrication process of graphene-carbon nanotube-nickel (G-CNT-Ni) heterostructures. Reproduced with permission [30]. Copyright 2017, John Wiley and Sons. d Coiled CNT/rGO hybrid yarns: a schematic diagram of the working mechanism, a SEM image showing the structure of the yarn, and an illustration of the testing setup. Reproduced with permission [94]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons. e Illustration of the bending and recovery actuation of the graphene oxide (GO)-CNT/PDMS bilayer membrane in response to light and temperature stimulations and the controlled bending behaviors with the aligned GO patterns in different directions. Reproduced with permission [29]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society

a Illustration of the working mechanism of an ion polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuator. Reproduced with permission [20].

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