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Table 1 Plant-based Silver Nanoparticles for anticancer activity

From: Green synthesized plant-based silver nanoparticles: therapeutic prospective for anticancer and antiviral activity

Type of cancer

Plant

Part

Extract used

Characterization

Shape

Size

Cell model

MOA

Doses

References

Human breast cancer

Artocarpus integer

Leaf

Aqueous extract

UV–Visible, FTIR, TEM, TGA

Spherical

5.76 nm to 19 nm

MCF-7, MG-63 cells

Interfere with DNA, cell damage, cytotoxicity

70–90 µg/ml

[26]

Annona squamosa

Leaf

Aqueous extract

UV–vis., FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDS, zeta potential

Spherical

20 to 100 nm

MCF-7 cells

Induction of apoptosis

IC50-30–50 g/ml

[75]

Cynara scolymus

Leaf

Aqueous extract

FTIR, SEM, XRD, UV–Vis

Spherical

98.47 ± 2.04 nm

MCF7 cells

Mitochondrial apoptosis

IC50-10 mg/mL

[52]

Camellia Sinensis Green tea

Leaf

Aqueous solution

FTIR, SEM, XRD, UV–Vis, AFM

Spherical

 ~ 420 nm

MCF-7 cells

Decrease O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) and cytotoxicity

5–40 µg/mL

[47]

Couroupita guianensis (Cannonball)

Leaf

Aqueous extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, TEM

Spherical, triangle

25 to 40 nm

MCF-7 Cell Line

Cytotoxicity

IC50-20μL/mL

[44]

Glycyrrhiza uralensis

Roots

Aqueous extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, DLS

Spherical

5-15 nm

MCF7cells

Cytotoxicity

10lg/mL

[76]

Juglans regia (Walnuts)

Walnut Fruits- Husks

Aqueous extract

FTIR, SEM, UV–Vis XRD

Spherical

31.4 nm

MCF-7 cell

Disturb the signaling pathway, increase ROS

60 µg/mL

[77]

Lonicera hypoglauca

Flower

Aqueous extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM–EDS, TEM & SAED

Spherical, some rod-hexagonal

4.99 to 25.83 nm

MCF-7 cells

Increases in expressions of pro-apoptotic Bax, caspase-3 & caspase-9

–

[25]

Sesbania grandiflora

Leaf

Aqueous extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, field emission SEM,

Spherical

22 nm

MCF-7

Apoptosis, oxidative stress, interfere cell membrane integrity, decrease cell proliferation, DNA damage

IC50-20 µg/ml

[78]

Melia dubia

Leaf

Aqueous extract

UV–visible, XRD and SEM–EDS

Spherical & irregular shape

7.3 nm

KB cell line

Cell toxicity

IC50-31.2 lg/ml

[79]

Nostoc linckia

Cyanobacterium

Phycocyanin-Protein extract

TEM, FTIR, UV–Vis,

Spherical

9.39 to 25.89 nm

MCF-7

Inhibits growth of tumor

IC50-27.79 ± 2.3 µg/mL

[57]

Human T-cell lymphoma

Abelmoschus esculentus

Pulp

Aqueous extract

UV–vis., TEM, XRD, FTIR

Spherical

6.7 nm

Jurkat cell line

Increase of ROS, nitrogen species, loss of integrity of mitochondria

IC50-6.15lg/ml

[28]

Prostate cancer cells

Alternanthera sessili

Leaf

Aqueous extract

FTIR, SEM, UV–Vis XRD

Spherical

30–50 nm

PC3

Antiproliferative, cell toxicity

6.85 μg/ml

[80]

Salvia miltiorrhiza

Leaf

Aqueous extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX

Spherical, oval, hexagonal triangular

80 and 12 nm

LNCaP cell lines

Apoptosis and cytotoxicity by bax, Bcl2 intrinsic pathway

50 mg/ml

[49]

Gastric cancer cell line

Artemisia turcomanica

Leaf

Ethanolic extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM

Spherical

20-60 nm

AGS

Induce apoptosis and cytotoxicity

14.56 μg/ml

[17]

Lung carcinoma

Bauhinia tomentosa Linn (Kanchini)

Leaf

Aqueous extract

UV–Visible, FTIR, FESEM-EDAX, HR-TEM and XRD

Spherical

11.6 nm to 33 nm

A-549

Inhibits proliferation

28.125 μg/mL

[81]

Capparis zeylanicu

Leaf

Aqueous extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD

Spherical

28 nm

A549 cell line

Induce apoptosis

1.63–200 μg/ml

[82]

Coptis chinensis

Leaf

Methanolic extract

FTIR, SEM, XRD, UV–Vis

Smooth spherical

6–45 nm

A549-cell

Induce intrinsic pathway apoptosis

10 µg/mL and 25 µg/mL

[70]

Indigofera tinctoria

Leaf

Aqueous extract

UV–vis., FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDX, AFM

Spherical

9 nm to 26 nm

A549

Increase ROS and leads to cell death

56.62 ± 0.86lg/ml

[83]

Zanthoxylum rhetsa

Seed Coat

Aqueous extract

UV–Vis., AFM, TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD and FTIR

Spherical

10 nm to 68 nm

A549

Ag+ ion interact with cell membrane, protein, DNA, RNA leads to cell death

IC50—65.17 μg/ml

[84]

Hepatic cancer

Asafoetida

Gum

Aqueous extract

UV–vis., TEM, SEM, DLS

Spherical

90–95 nm

HepG2 cell line

Antiproliferative

–

[85]

Myrtus communis

Aerial Parts

Aqueous extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, EDX, TEM & XRD

Spherical

20–30 nm

HepG2

down regulation of Pl3k/Akt, ERK and NF-kB pathways and inhibit cell proliferation

IC50 -7.75 µM/mL

[86]

Nigella sativa

Seeds

Aqueous extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM DLS, zeta potential

Spherical

10–20 nm

HepG2 cell lines

Apoptosis & increase ROS production

IC50-7.16 µg/ml

[50]

Phyllanthus emblica

Leaf

Aqueous extract

UV–vis., FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDX, AFM

Agglomerated spheres

38–50 nm

HeLa cells, HUH-7

Cytotoxicity

IC50-31.99 µg/mL

[55]

Taraxacum officinale (dandelion)

Leaf

Aqueous extract

HR-TEM, UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD

Spherical

5 and 30 nm,

HepG2

 

IC50-60 μg/mL

[87]

Human skin cancer

Boswellia serrata

Bark

Methanolic extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, DLS

Hexagonal cubic

20.5 ± 0.5 nm

G361

–

10-4-10–7 M

[18]

Gelsemium sempervirens,

Whole plant

Ethanolic extract

TEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, DLS, AFM

Spherical

90.87 nm

A375

G2/M phase arrest, effect cellular entry

IC50-80 µg/mL

[88]

Hydrastis canadensis

Whole plant

Ethanolic extract

TEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, DLS, AFM

Spherical

90.87 nm

A375

G2/M phase arrest

IC50-100 µg/mL

[88]

Phytolacca decandra

Whole plant

Ethanolic extract

TEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, DLS, AFM

Spherical

90.87 nm

A375

G2/M phase arrest

IC50- 78 µg/mL

[88]

Thuja occidentalis

Whole plant

Ethanolic extract

TEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, DLS, AFM

Spherical

90.87 nm

A375

G2/M phase arrest

IC50-120 µg/mL

[88]

Cervical cancer

Iresine herbstii

Leaf

Aqueous extract

FTIR, SEM, XRD, EDX

Cubic shape

44-64 nm

HeLa

Cytotoxic activity

LC50-51 μg/mL

[89]

Moringa oleifera

Stem Bark

Aqueous extract

HRTEM, UV–vis., DLS, FTIR, AFM, SEM

Pentagon

40 nm

HeLa

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

250 g/mL c

[60]

Nepeta deflersiana

Aerial Part

Aqueous extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX

Face-centered-cubic structure

33 nm

HeLA

Increase oxidative stress, apoptosis and necrosis

10–50 µg/ml

[90]

Nothapodytes nimmonian

Fruit

Aqueous extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, zeta potential

Spherical

44-64 nm

HeLA cell

Inhibits proliferations

IC50- 87.32 ± 1.42 μg/mL

[91]

Punica granatum Pomegranate

Leaf

Aqueous extract

UV–vis, FTIR, SEM, EDS, XRD, Zeta potential, FTIR

Spherical

41.69 nm to 69.61 nm

HeLa cell line

Apoptosis

IC50- 100µgml − 1

[62]

Prunus domestica

Fruit- Gum

Gum solution

UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD

Spherical

5–30 nm

HeLa

Cytotoxic

IC50- 3.45 ± 0.23 μg/mL

[92]

Colon Cancer

Commelina nudiflora

Leaf

Aqueous extract

Particle Size Analyzer and Zeta Potential Study, TEM

Spherical, triangular, rod

24–150 nm

HCT-116

Upregulate apoptotic genes, apoptosis

IC50—100 μg/ml,

[67]

Flavonoids

 

Aqueous solution

UV–vis, FTIR, SEM, DLS, XRD, FTIR

Spherical

2–10 nm

HCT116

Mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage

5 µg/mL

[48]

Vitex negundo

Leaf

Methanol extract

UV–visible FESEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, FTIR

Spherical

5 to 47 nm

HCT15

Cell cycle arrest at G0/G1-phase, DNA damage, apoptosis

IC50—20 g/ml

[93]

Breast cancer, liver cancer,

Cucumis prophetarum

Leaf

Aqueous extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, TEM

Spherical, granulated, ellipsoidal

–

A549, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and MCF-7

Apoptosis, cytotoxicity

105.8 μg/mL for A549, 81.1 μg/mL for MDA-MB-231, 94.2 μg/mL for HepG2, and 65.6 μg/mL for MCF-7

[94]

Lymphoma

Gloriosa superba

Leaf

Methanolic extract

UV–vis, FTIR, TEM, DLS, Zeta potential, XRD

Spherical

20–69 nm

DLA tumor cell

Cytotoxicity

ED50- 80 µg

[51]

Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma

Clerodendrum phlomidis

Leaf

Aqueous extract

UV–vis., FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, AFM

Spherical

23–42 nm

HT29 cells & EAC cell

Free radical production, cell damage

IC50 – 36.72 μg/ml for HT29 cells & 32.69 μg/ml for EAC cell

[95]

Human head and neck carcinoma cells

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Rhizome, Root

Aqueous/ methanolic extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM

Spherical

46 nm

HeLA Cells, HN-30

Activation of caspase 3

10 μg/ml,

[96, 97]

Breast and prostate cancer

Hyptis suaveolens

Leaf

Aqueous Callus Extract

FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDS, UV–Vis XRD

Spherical

12 to 25 nm

MDA-MB-231 and PC-3 Cells

Interfere with protein, nitrogen base, DNA and cause apoptosis

74.66 and 173.21 μg/mL

[98]

Cervical cancer cell line breast cancer cell lines

Jurinea dolomiaea

Leaf

Aqueous extract

FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDS, UV–Vis XRD

Spherical

28- 40 nm

HeLa & MCF-7

Apoptosis

55 ± 0.51 µg/mL

[99]

Human epithelial carcinoma

Melia azadirachta

Leaf

Aqueous extract

UV–visible SEM, DLS, XRD, Zeta potential

Cubical and Spherical

78 nm a

HeLa cell line

Cytotoxic effect

IC50-300 g/mL

[100]

Prostate & Breast adenocarcinoma

Momordica cymbalaria

Tuber

Aqueous extract

UV–vis., FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDX, AFM

Spherical

10–50 nm

PC-3 & MDA-MB 231 cells

Damage genetic material, cell organelle- leads to cell death

IC50 -72.39 and 64.03 lg/ml

[101]

Momordica cymbalaria

Fruit

Aqueous extract

UV–vis., FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDX, AFM

spherical

10–50 nm

PC-3 & MDA-MB 231 cells

Damage genetic material, cell organelle- leads to cell death

IC50 -85.42 and 111.74 lg/ml,

[101]

Human breast cancer cell line & human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line

Nigella arvensis

Seed

Aqueous extract

UV–Visible, FTIR, TEM and XRD

spherical

2–15 nm

MCF7 & HT-29

Proliferation inhibition

100 μg/mL

[102]

Lung adenocarcinomas, prostatic small cell carcinomas

Pinus roxburghii

Pine Needles

Methanolic extract

UV–vis., FTIR, XRD, EDX, AFM, SAED, HRTEM, FESEM

Spherical

80 nm

A549, PC-3

Induce apoptosis via caspase-3 and PARP-1 activation

IC50 -11.28 ± 1.28 μg/ml, 56.27 ± 1.17 μg/ml

[54]

Breast cancer, skin cancer, Leukemia

Pueraria tuberosa

Tubers

Aqueous extract

UV–Vis, DLS, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDS and XRD

Spherical

162.72 ± 5.02 nm

MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SKOV-3, U-87 and NCI/ADR cell lines

Increased cytotoxicity

3.859, 1.128, 29.36, 6.053 and 25.49 mg/ml

[103]

Human gastric cancer cell line

Teucrium polium

Aerial Part

Aqueous extract

UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, XRD

Spherical

70 to 100 nm

MNK45

Provoke cell death

12.5–130 μg/mL

[63]

Skin melanoma cells & human lung cancer cells

Carpesium cernuum

Whole Plant

Methanolic extract

DLS, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDS, UV–Vis, XRD

Spherical

13.0 ± 0.2 nm

B16F10 & A549

Induce apoptotic cell death

25–100 g/mL

[104]