Type of cancer | Plant | Part | Extract used | Characterization | Shape | Size | Cell model | MOA | Doses | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human breast cancer | Artocarpus integer | Leaf | Aqueous extract | UV–Visible, FTIR, TEM, TGA | Spherical | 5.76 nm to 19 nm | MCF-7, MG-63 cells | Interfere with DNA, cell damage, cytotoxicity | 70–90 µg/ml | [26] |
Annona squamosa | Leaf | Aqueous extract | UV–vis., FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDS, zeta potential | Spherical | 20 to 100 nm | MCF-7 cells | Induction of apoptosis | IC50-30–50 g/ml | [75] | |
Cynara scolymus | Leaf | Aqueous extract | FTIR, SEM, XRD, UV–Vis | Spherical | 98.47 ± 2.04 nm | MCF7 cells | Mitochondrial apoptosis | IC50-10 mg/mL | [52] | |
Camellia Sinensis Green tea | Leaf | Aqueous solution | FTIR, SEM, XRD, UV–Vis, AFM | Spherical |  ~ 420 nm | MCF-7 cells | Decrease O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) and cytotoxicity | 5–40 µg/mL | [47] | |
Couroupita guianensis (Cannonball) | Leaf | Aqueous extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, TEM | Spherical, triangle | 25 to 40 nm | MCF-7 Cell Line | Cytotoxicity | IC50-20μL/mL | [44] | |
Glycyrrhiza uralensis | Roots | Aqueous extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, DLS | Spherical | 5-15 nm | MCF7cells | Cytotoxicity | 10lg/mL | [76] | |
Juglans regia (Walnuts) | Walnut Fruits- Husks | Aqueous extract | FTIR, SEM, UV–Vis XRD | Spherical | 31.4 nm | MCF-7 cell | Disturb the signaling pathway, increase ROS | 60 µg/mL | [77] | |
Lonicera hypoglauca | Flower | Aqueous extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM–EDS, TEM & SAED | Spherical, some rod-hexagonal | 4.99 to 25.83 nm | MCF-7 cells | Increases in expressions of pro-apoptotic Bax, caspase-3 & caspase-9 | – | [25] | |
Sesbania grandiflora | Leaf | Aqueous extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, field emission SEM, | Spherical | 22 nm | MCF-7 | Apoptosis, oxidative stress, interfere cell membrane integrity, decrease cell proliferation, DNA damage | IC50-20 µg/ml | [78] | |
Melia dubia | Leaf | Aqueous extract | UV–visible, XRD and SEM–EDS | Spherical & irregular shape | 7.3 nm | KB cell line | Cell toxicity | IC50-31.2 lg/ml | [79] | |
Nostoc linckia | Cyanobacterium | Phycocyanin-Protein extract | TEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, | Spherical | 9.39 to 25.89 nm | MCF-7 | Inhibits growth of tumor | IC50-27.79 ± 2.3 µg/mL | [57] | |
Human T-cell lymphoma | Abelmoschus esculentus | Pulp | Aqueous extract | UV–vis., TEM, XRD, FTIR | Spherical | 6.7 nm | Jurkat cell line | Increase of ROS, nitrogen species, loss of integrity of mitochondria | IC50-6.15lg/ml | [28] |
Prostate cancer cells | Alternanthera sessili | Leaf | Aqueous extract | FTIR, SEM, UV–Vis XRD | Spherical | 30–50 nm | PC3 | Antiproliferative, cell toxicity | 6.85 μg/ml | [80] |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | Leaf | Aqueous extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX | Spherical, oval, hexagonal triangular | 80 and 12 nm | LNCaP cell lines | Apoptosis and cytotoxicity by bax, Bcl2 intrinsic pathway | 50 mg/ml | [49] | |
Gastric cancer cell line | Artemisia turcomanica | Leaf | Ethanolic extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM | Spherical | 20-60 nm | AGS | Induce apoptosis and cytotoxicity | 14.56 μg/ml | [17] |
Lung carcinoma | Bauhinia tomentosa Linn (Kanchini) | Leaf | Aqueous extract | UV–Visible, FTIR, FESEM-EDAX, HR-TEM and XRD | Spherical | 11.6 nm to 33 nm | A-549 | Inhibits proliferation | 28.125 μg/mL | [81] |
Capparis zeylanicu | Leaf | Aqueous extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD | Spherical | 28 nm | A549 cell line | Induce apoptosis | 1.63–200 μg/ml | [82] | |
Coptis chinensis | Leaf | Methanolic extract | FTIR, SEM, XRD, UV–Vis | Smooth spherical | 6–45 nm | A549-cell | Induce intrinsic pathway apoptosis | 10 µg/mL and 25 µg/mL | [70] | |
Indigofera tinctoria | Leaf | Aqueous extract | UV–vis., FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDX, AFM | Spherical | 9 nm to 26 nm | A549 | Increase ROS and leads to cell death | 56.62 ± 0.86lg/ml | [83] | |
Zanthoxylum rhetsa | Seed Coat | Aqueous extract | UV–Vis., AFM, TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD and FTIR | Spherical | 10 nm to 68 nm | A549 | Ag+ ion interact with cell membrane, protein, DNA, RNA leads to cell death | IC50—65.17 μg/ml | [84] | |
Hepatic cancer | Asafoetida | Gum | Aqueous extract | UV–vis., TEM, SEM, DLS | Spherical | 90–95 nm | HepG2 cell line | Antiproliferative | – | [85] |
Myrtus communis | Aerial Parts | Aqueous extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, EDX, TEM & XRD | Spherical | 20–30 nm | HepG2 | down regulation of Pl3k/Akt, ERK and NF-kB pathways and inhibit cell proliferation | IC50 -7.75 µM/mL | [86] | |
Nigella sativa | Seeds | Aqueous extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM DLS, zeta potential | Spherical | 10–20 nm | HepG2 cell lines | Apoptosis & increase ROS production | IC50-7.16 µg/ml | [50] | |
Phyllanthus emblica | Leaf | Aqueous extract | UV–vis., FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDX, AFM | Agglomerated spheres | 38–50 nm | HeLa cells, HUH-7 | Cytotoxicity | IC50-31.99 µg/mL | [55] | |
Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) | Leaf | Aqueous extract | HR-TEM, UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD | Spherical | 5 and 30 nm, | HepG2 |  | IC50-60 μg/mL | [87] | |
Human skin cancer | Boswellia serrata | Bark | Methanolic extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, DLS | Hexagonal cubic | 20.5 ± 0.5 nm | G361 | – | 10-4-10–7 M | [18] |
Gelsemium sempervirens, | Whole plant | Ethanolic extract | TEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, DLS, AFM | Spherical | 90.87 nm | A375 | G2/M phase arrest, effect cellular entry | IC50-80 µg/mL | [88] | |
Hydrastis canadensis | Whole plant | Ethanolic extract | TEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, DLS, AFM | Spherical | 90.87 nm | A375 | G2/M phase arrest | IC50-100 µg/mL | [88] | |
Phytolacca decandra | Whole plant | Ethanolic extract | TEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, DLS, AFM | Spherical | 90.87 nm | A375 | G2/M phase arrest | IC50- 78 µg/mL | [88] | |
Thuja occidentalis | Whole plant | Ethanolic extract | TEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, DLS, AFM | Spherical | 90.87 nm | A375 | G2/M phase arrest | IC50-120 µg/mL | [88] | |
Cervical cancer | Iresine herbstii | Leaf | Aqueous extract | FTIR, SEM, XRD, EDX | Cubic shape | 44-64 nm | HeLa | Cytotoxic activity | LC50-51 μg/mL | [89] |
Moringa oleifera | Stem Bark | Aqueous extract | HRTEM, UV–vis., DLS, FTIR, AFM, SEM | Pentagon | 40 nm | HeLa | reactive oxygen species (ROS) | 250 g/mL c | [60] | |
Nepeta deflersiana | Aerial Part | Aqueous extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX | Face-centered-cubic structure | 33 nm | HeLA | Increase oxidative stress, apoptosis and necrosis | 10–50 µg/ml | [90] | |
Nothapodytes nimmonian | Fruit | Aqueous extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, zeta potential | Spherical | 44-64 nm | HeLA cell | Inhibits proliferations | IC50- 87.32 ± 1.42 μg/mL | [91] | |
Punica granatum Pomegranate | Leaf | Aqueous extract | UV–vis, FTIR, SEM, EDS, XRD, Zeta potential, FTIR | Spherical | 41.69 nm to 69.61 nm | HeLa cell line | Apoptosis | IC50- 100µgml − 1 | [62] | |
Prunus domestica | Fruit- Gum | Gum solution | UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD | Spherical | 5–30 nm | HeLa | Cytotoxic | IC50- 3.45 ± 0.23 μg/mL | [92] | |
Colon Cancer | Commelina nudiflora | Leaf | Aqueous extract | Particle Size Analyzer and Zeta Potential Study, TEM | Spherical, triangular, rod | 24–150 nm | HCT-116 | Upregulate apoptotic genes, apoptosis | IC50—100 μg/ml, | [67] |
Flavonoids |  | Aqueous solution | UV–vis, FTIR, SEM, DLS, XRD, FTIR | Spherical | 2–10 nm | HCT116 | Mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage | 5 µg/mL | [48] | |
Vitex negundo | Leaf | Methanol extract | UV–visible FESEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, FTIR | Spherical | 5 to 47 nm | HCT15 | Cell cycle arrest at G0/G1-phase, DNA damage, apoptosis | IC50—20 g/ml | [93] | |
Breast cancer, liver cancer, | Cucumis prophetarum | Leaf | Aqueous extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, TEM | Spherical, granulated, ellipsoidal | – | A549, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and MCF-7 | Apoptosis, cytotoxicity | 105.8 μg/mL for A549, 81.1 μg/mL for MDA-MB-231, 94.2 μg/mL for HepG2, and 65.6 μg/mL for MCF-7 | [94] |
Lymphoma | Gloriosa superba | Leaf | Methanolic extract | UV–vis, FTIR, TEM, DLS, Zeta potential, XRD | Spherical | 20–69 nm | DLA tumor cell | Cytotoxicity | ED50- 80 µg | [51] |
Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma | Clerodendrum phlomidis | Leaf | Aqueous extract | UV–vis., FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, AFM | Spherical | 23–42 nm | HT29 cells & EAC cell | Free radical production, cell damage | IC50 – 36.72 μg/ml for HT29 cells & 32.69 μg/ml for EAC cell | [95] |
Human head and neck carcinoma cells | Glycyrrhiza glabra | Rhizome, Root | Aqueous/ methanolic extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM | Spherical | 46 nm | HeLA Cells, HN-30 | Activation of caspase 3 | 10 μg/ml, | |
Breast and prostate cancer | Hyptis suaveolens | Leaf | Aqueous Callus Extract | FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDS, UV–Vis XRD | Spherical | 12 to 25 nm | MDA-MB-231 and PC-3 Cells | Interfere with protein, nitrogen base, DNA and cause apoptosis | 74.66 and 173.21 μg/mL | [98] |
Cervical cancer cell line breast cancer cell lines | Jurinea dolomiaea | Leaf | Aqueous extract | FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDS, UV–Vis XRD | Spherical | 28- 40 nm | HeLa & MCF-7 | Apoptosis | 55 ± 0.51 µg/mL | [99] |
Human epithelial carcinoma | Melia azadirachta | Leaf | Aqueous extract | UV–visible SEM, DLS, XRD, Zeta potential | Cubical and Spherical | 78 nm a | HeLa cell line | Cytotoxic effect | IC50-300 g/mL | [100] |
Prostate & Breast adenocarcinoma | Momordica cymbalaria | Tuber | Aqueous extract | UV–vis., FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDX, AFM | Spherical | 10–50 nm | PC-3 & MDA-MB 231 cells | Damage genetic material, cell organelle- leads to cell death | IC50 -72.39 and 64.03 lg/ml | [101] |
Momordica cymbalaria | Fruit | Aqueous extract | UV–vis., FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDX, AFM | spherical | 10–50 nm | PC-3 & MDA-MB 231 cells | Damage genetic material, cell organelle- leads to cell death | IC50 -85.42 and 111.74 lg/ml, | [101] | |
Human breast cancer cell line & human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line | Nigella arvensis | Seed | Aqueous extract | UV–Visible, FTIR, TEM and XRD | spherical | 2–15 nm | MCF7 & HT-29 | Proliferation inhibition | 100 μg/mL | [102] |
Lung adenocarcinomas, prostatic small cell carcinomas | Pinus roxburghii | Pine Needles | Methanolic extract | UV–vis., FTIR, XRD, EDX, AFM, SAED, HRTEM, FESEM | Spherical | 80 nm | A549, PC-3 | Induce apoptosis via caspase-3 and PARP-1 activation | IC50 -11.28 ± 1.28 μg/ml, 56.27 ± 1.17 μg/ml | [54] |
Breast cancer, skin cancer, Leukemia | Pueraria tuberosa | Tubers | Aqueous extract | UV–Vis, DLS, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDS and XRD | Spherical | 162.72 ± 5.02 nm | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SKOV-3, U-87 and NCI/ADR cell lines | Increased cytotoxicity | 3.859, 1.128, 29.36, 6.053 and 25.49 mg/ml | [103] |
Human gastric cancer cell line | Teucrium polium | Aerial Part | Aqueous extract | UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, XRD | Spherical | 70 to 100 nm | MNK45 | Provoke cell death | 12.5–130 μg/mL | [63] |
Skin melanoma cells & human lung cancer cells | Carpesium cernuum | Whole Plant | Methanolic extract | DLS, FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDS, UV–Vis, XRD | Spherical | 13.0 ± 0.2 nm | B16F10 & A549 | Induce apoptotic cell death | 25–100 g/mL | [104] |