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Micro and Nano Systems Letters
Fig. 3 | Micro and Nano Systems Letters

Fig. 3

From: Folding-paper-based preconcentrator for low dispersion of preconcentration plug

Fig. 3

ICP preconcentration utilizing 3D folding-paper-based ICP preconcentrator. a The fluorescence intensities of the preconcentration plug for operation voltages of 5 V to 200 V (n = 3). b The fluorescence images with respect to time at 100 V. The depletion zone is indicated with red arrows. c Current–voltage response of the ICP phenomena showing the following three distinct regions: ohmic, limiting, and overlimiting. d The fluorescence images of the preconcentration at 120 s. The vortices that are generated at a depletion zone are indicated with red arrows (50, 100 V)

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